Arteritis de Takayasu en un niño. Reporte de caso

Introducción: La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis sistémica, de etiología autoinmune, que afecta principalmente a grandes vasos como la Aorta y sus ramas principales. Es poco frecuente en edad pediátrica, siendo la franja etaria más afectada la comprendida entre 10 y 18 años, con predominio del sexo femenino. Caso Clínico: Se presenta el caso de un varón de 13 años de edad, con astenia, síncopes en varias ocasiones, pérdida de peso, claudicación intermitente y dificultad respiratoria progresiva de 4 meses de evolución, hipotrófico, con palidez marcada, sudoración profusa, extremidades superiores frías y sin pulsos palpables; miembros inferiores tibios con pulsos palpables, en donde se constata cifras tensionales elevadas (240/70mmHg). A través de los análisis de laboratorio se constata anemia, con perfil inmunológico normal. Se confirma afectación de la aorta, carótidas y vasos renales por imágenes. Evolución satisfactoria con el tratamiento instaurado.

Introduction: Takayasu arteritis is a systemic vasculitis of autoimmune etiology, which mainly affects large vessels such as the aorta and its main branches. It is uncommon in pediatric age, with range between 10 and 18 years, with predominance of the female sex. Clinical Case: A 13-year-old boy with asthenia, multiple syncope, weight loss, intermittent claudication and progressive respiratory difficulty of 4 months of evolution. Hypotrophic, marked pallor, profuse sweating, superior limbs cold and without palpable pulses; Lower limbs with palpable pulses, where high blood pressure values are found (240/70 mmHg). Laboratory analysis reveals anemia, with a normal immunological profile. The involvement of the aorta, carotid and renal vessels by images is confirmed. Satisfactory evolution with the treatment established.

Acidentes de trabalho autorreferidos pela população adulta brasileira, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Self-reported occupational accidents among Brazil's adult population based on data from the 2013 National Health Survey

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o perfil da ocorrência dos acidentes de trabalho na população adulta brasileira. Estudo descritivo com dados sobre acidentes de trabalho coletados em 2013 pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Os acidentes de trabalho ocorreram em 3,4% (IC95% 4,6-5,6) da população adulta brasileira, ou 4,9 milhões de acidentes foram referidos, sendo mais frequentes entre os homens, jovens, de 18 a 39 anos, de cor preta, na região Norte do país. O Pará foi o Estado de maior ocorrência, e o Rio de Janeiro, o menor. Cerca de um terço dos acidentes foram devidos a deslocamento para o trabalho (acidentes de trajeto). Dentre os acidentados pelo trabalho, 50,4% (IC95% 45,3-55,5) deixaram de realizar suas atividades habituais, 8,8% (IC95% 6,4-11,2) foram internados e 19% (IC95% 15,3-22,7) relataram sequelas decorrentes dos acidentes do trabalho. As ocorrências de acidente de trabalhos relatadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde constituem uma fonte inédita no país, possibilitando informação inestimável sobre o cenário do trabalho no Brasil. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde identificou que os acidentes de trabalho são subnotificados, já que as informações oficiais cobrem apenas os trabalhadores com vínculo formal de trabalho.

Abstract Objective: to provide an overview of occupational accidents among Brazil's adult population. Methods: descriptive study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. Results: A total of 4.9 million workers mentioned having suffered some kind of work-related accident, which is equivalent to 3.4% (CI95% 4.6-5.6) of Brazil's adult population. Prevalence rates were higher among men, young adults aged between 18 and 39 years, and black people and in the North Region of the country. Prevalence was highest in the State of Para and lowest in the State of Rio de Janeiro State. Around one third of all accidents were commuting accidents, 50.4% (CI95% 45.3-55.5) of people who had suffered an occupational accident were prevented from carrying out some kind of routine activity due to the accident, 8.8% (CI95% 6.4-11.2) were hospitalized and 19% (CI95% 15.3-22.7) had sequelae resulting from occupational accidents. Conclusion: the data provided by the National Health Survey comprises an unprecedented and invaluable source of information on these issues in Brazil. The results of the survey confirm that occupational accidents are underreported, since official figures do not cover individuals working in the informal sector.

Herniación de quiste de seno maxilar a través de fístula oroantral: reporte de un caso / Hermiation of a maxillary sinus cyst through an oroantral fistula: report of a case

Los quistes de retención mucosa y los mucoceles son las lesiones máscomunes de los senos paranasales. Éstos comparten características muysimilares y su diferencia estará determinada por su etiología. A diferencia del quiste de retención mucosa, cuyo comportamiento es mucho más sutil, el mucocele causa fenómenos infl amatorios locales, y algunas veces,reabsorción ósea de las estructuras adyacentes. El tratamiento será laenucleación quirúrgica. En el caso clínico que presentamos a continuación,se evidencia una lesión quística que se expone a través del alvéolo no cicatrizal de extracción traumática realizada semanas atrás, además se presenta la técnica que utilizamos para el cierre de fístula oroantral.

Mucus retention cysts and mucoceles are the most common lesions of the paranasal sinuses. They share very similar characteristics and the difference between them depends on their etiology. Unlike mucous reten-tion cysts, whose behavior is much more subtle, mucoceles cause local infl ammatory phenomena and sometimes bone resorption of adjacent structures. The treatment called for is surgical enucleation. The clinical case presented deals with a cystic lesion protruding through the non-cicatricial alveolus following a traumatic extraction performed weeks earlier. We also present the technique used to close the oroantral fi stula.

Discurso médico e discurso pedagógico: interfaces e suas implicações para a prática pedagógica / Medical and pedagogic discourse: interfaces and implications for pedagogic practices

O estudo investigou os efeitos do discurso médico no processo de ensino-aprendizagem escolar, particularmente, como ele tem sido apropriado pelo corpo docente e os seus efeitos nas práticas pedagógicas dos educadores. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado ao longo do período letivo de 2008. Participaram do estudo 17 educadores que trabalham com crianças com paralisia cerebral, com idade entre 6 e 12 anos e acompanhadas pela equipe de reabilitação da Rede Sarah de Hospitais, em Belém. Foram realizadas entrevistas gravadas em áudio no início e no final do período letivo, seguindo o mesmo roteiro. Ao longo do ano, foram realizadas visitas escolares, pela equipe do Sarah, com intervalos de aproximadamente dois meses e com o objetivo de dialogar com os educadores e esclarecer sobre o diagnóstico da criança, seus potenciais, limites e adaptações que favorecessem o processo de inclusão e de aprendizagem. A análise dos dados iniciais revelou a inconsistência teórica dos educadores sobre os conceitos de inclusão e de paralisia cerebral. Indicou o desconhecimento sobre o diagnóstico da criança e a elaboração de práticas pedagógicas orientadas por discursos médicos baseados no senso comum. Ao final do processo, identificou-se que as percepções, as concepções, as práticas e o discurso pedagógico dos educadores haviam se modificado. Foram observadas reelaborações de ações pedagógicas considerando o diagnóstico, aspectos individuais e coletivos da aprendizagem, além dos limites e potenciais de cada criança. Constatou-se assim, o processo de subjetivação discursiva, como resultado da interlocução entre campos de saberes diferentes, no caso, Saúde e Educação, resultando em reelaboração do discurso e das práticas pedagógicas no processo de ensino-aprendizagem das crianças com paralisia cerebral.

This study investigated the effects of medical discourse in the teaching-learning process, particularly as it has been appropriated by educators in schools and its effects on these educators' pedagogical practices. The study in question is a qualitative study undertaken during the 2008 school year. Seventeen teachers participated in this study of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, aged between 6 and 12 years old. The children were observed by the rehabilitation team of the Sarah Hospitals Network in Belém. Using the same guidelines, audio recorded interviews were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the school year. Over the year, there were school visits by Sarah staff, at two month intervals, approximately, in order to talk to the teachers regarding the children's diagnoses, their potentials and limitations, and possible adaptations that could facilitate their inclusion and learning processes. Analysis of the initial data has shown the theoretical inconsistency of educators concerning concepts of inclusion and cerebral palsy. In addition, the analysis pointed out that teachers lacked knowledge about the children's diagnoses; they seemed to prepare pedagogical practices according to medical discourse based on common sense. Changes in perceptions, concepts, practices and pedagogical discourse of the educators were observed at the end of the study. Renewed pedagogical strategies were observed that considered the child's diagnosis, as well as individual and group learning situations, besides the limitations and potential of each child. The study demonstrated that the process of discursive subjectification can come about as a result of exchanges between fields of knowledge, in this case, Health and Education, in order to redraft discourse as well as renewed elaboration of pedagogical practices in the teaching-learning process of children with cerebral palsy.

Evaluation of the possible role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as mechanical vectors of nematodes and protists

Nematodes and protists can be transmitted to humans in many ways and little concern has been given to the mechanical transmission by ants. This study aimed at analysing how the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and cysts of Entamoeba coli could be mechanically transmitted to the man by Formicidae. Through the experiments using nests of Tapinoma melanocephalum, Linepithema humile and Monomorium pharaonis reared in the laboratory allied to observations of some 17 ant species in an urban park area in Mogi das Cruzes (SP), it was found that L. humile was capable of carrying eggs of A. lumbricoides both in the field and laboratory conditions (1 worker), as well as was Camponotus rufipes (2), Solenopsis saevissima (1) and Acromyrmex niger (1). The cysts of Escherichia coli were found over three workers of C. rufipes. Although the frequency of the workers found transporting pathogens was low, the capacity of common household species in carrying pathogens like nematodes and protists was demonstrated.

Os Nematoda e Protista podem ser transmitidos ao homem de diversas maneiras, mas pouca ênfase é dada para a transmissão mecânica por intermédio de formigas. Assim, esse trabalho procurou investigar a transmissão mecânica de ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides e cistos de Entamoeba coli pelos Formicidae. Através de experimentos com espécies mantidas em ninhos no laboratório (Tapinoma melanocephalum, Linepithema humile e Monomorium pharaonis) e com 17 espécies de formigas de uma área antropizada na região de Mogi as Cruzes (SP), foi possível constar que os ovos A. lumbricoides foram transportados por L. humile, tanto no campo (1 operária) como no laboratório (1 operária), por Camponotus rufipes (2), por Solenopsis saevissima (1) e por Acromyrmrex niger (1). Em três operárias de C. rufipes foram encontrados cistos de E. coli. Apesar da baixa incidência de transporte, as três primeiras espécies pelo fato de viverem muito próximas ao ser humano, podem levar para dentro do ambiente domiciliar patógenos de Nematoda e Protista.

Reanimación del paciente quemado / Resuscitation of burned patient

Las quemaduras extensas pueden generar gran morbilidad y altas tasas de mortalidad determinadas tanto por las lesiones mismas como por la calidad de la reanimación inicial. Si esta es adecuada, puede prevenir la evolución hacia una mayor profundidad de la lesión primaria y, por ende, mejorar el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo de esta revisión fue recopilar información que permita optimizar la atención del paciente quemado, con miras a obtener una disminución de la mortalidad y de las secuelas y complicaciones derivadas de una inadecuada reanimación. Se hizo una búsqueda en Internet, utilizando la base de datos Pubmed. Se usaron las palabras clave “Resuscitation” y “Burn”, y se limitó la búsqueda a los artículos publicados después del año 2000. Se incluyeron además algunos artículos considerados de importancia para la comprensión del tema, publicados con anterioridad a ese año.

Extensive burns can cause significant morbidity and high mortality, determined by both the injuries themselves and the quality of the initial resuscitation measures applied to the patient. If adequate, such measures can prevent the worsening of the burn and, consequently, they can improve the prognosis for the patient. The objective of this review was to compileinformation that may help resuscitation teams to improve the care of burned patients, looking for lower mortality and less frequent sequels and complications. The Pubmed database was reviewed searching for studies made on the subject from 2000 to 2007, using the key words “Resuscitation” and “Burn”. Some articles published before 2000 were also included because they wereconsidered relevant for understanding this subject.

Desarrollo de anticuerpos y frecuencia de eventos temporalmente asociados a las vacunas contra el sarampión y rubéola en personal de salud universitario de Jalisco / Antibody development and frequency of events temporarily with measles and rubella vaccines among university health personnel in Jalisco

Objetivo: Evaluar el estado inmune y la seroconversión o respuesta anamnésica posterior a inmunización con vacuna de sarampión-rubéola (SR) y eventos temporalmente asociados, en personal de salud universitario. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo de mayo a junio de 2000 en 120 adultos sanos de un Hospital de la Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara. Previo consentimiento informado se aplicó la vacuna SR de sarampión (Schwarz) y rubéola (RA 27/3). Se realizó seguimiento telefónico semanal para identificar eventos locales y sistémicos temporalmente asociados a la vacunación (30 días posteriores a su aplicación, no atribuibles a otro proceso mórbido). Se tomó suero antes y seis semanas después de la vacunación. Los anticuerpos (IgG) contra sarampión y rubéola fueron cuantificados por análisis inmunoenzimático (Enzygnost®, Dade Behring) con puntos de corte de > 300mUI/mL y > 8UI/mL, respectivamente. Análisis: media, desviación estándar (DS), Prueba t de Student pareada (significancia de P < 0.05). Resultados: Se logró seguimiento en 105/120 (87.5%) durante seis semanas. El 87.4% fue personal de salud y 44.6% varones. Rango de edad 17-71 años (mediana = 21). En la historia clínica hubo antecedente de posible sarampión en 57.1%. Se obtuvo suero pareado en 75 casos. La proporción de voluntarios con anticuerpos para sarampión y rubéola antes (90.7 y 94.7%) y después (100 y 100%) de la vacuna se incrementó de manera significativa (P < 0.001). Dolor, calor, rubor e induración en el sitio de inyección se presentó en 4/105 (~4%). Fiebre, exantema, artralgias y artritis en 9/105 (~9%). Conclusiones: La proporción de susceptibles a sarampión fue alta si tomamos en consideración la potencialidad de transmisión del virus de sarampión a la población que atenderían durante el período de contagiosidad (3-5 días). La respuesta de inmunidad postvacunal fue óptima. La vacunación en personal de salud debe ser prioritaria.

Objective: To evaluate the seroprevalence, seroconversion, anamnesic response and events temporally associated with immune status pre and post immunization with measles and rubella vaccine in health personnel from a public University in Guadalajara, Mexico. Material and methods: We carried out a prospective, longitudinal and comparative study from May to June 2000 among 120 healthy volunteers. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. We administered measles (Schwarz) and rubella (RA 27/3) vaccines. Weekly phone calls during six weeks were recorded from each volunteer to assess local and systemic events temporally associated with immunization non attributable to any other disease. Serum samples were obtained before and after vaccination in 75 volunteers. Antibodies against measles and rubella were measured by an enzyme immunoassay kit (Behring) with cut-off points of ³300mUI/mL and ³8UI/mL respectively. Statistical analysis included mean, standard deviation and paired Student's t-test (P < 0.05). Results: 105/120 participants (87.5%) were followed during 6 weeks. 87.4% were health personnel and 44.6% were males. The age range was 17-71 years (median = 21). We found a prior history of measles in 57.1%. Local events included pain, heat, redness and induration and were reported by 4/105. Systemic events such as fever, exanthema, pain in joints and arthritis was reported by 9/105. The proportion of study subjects with protective antibodies against measles and rubella prior to vaccination was 90.7 and 94.7% respectively. Both groups reached 100% after vaccination. Conclusions: The proportion of non-immune health personnel was low and similar to other reports. However, the potential spread of measles and rubella virus from a non-immunized infected health care provider could be amplified by the number of patients seen daily during the peak period of 3-5 days. The vaccination of health personnel should be encouraged.

Atlas de parasitologia: artrópodes, protozoários e helmintos / Atlas of parasitology, arthropods, protozoa and helminths

É um atlas que tem como objetivo fornecer material exclusivo àqueles que se dedicam ao estudo dos organismos que parasitam os humanos, desenvolvendo diagnósticos, pesquisas e ensinamentos aos que se lançam nesta área das ciências da saúde.

La glándula de Harder: un transductor neuroinmunoendrocrino / The Harderian gland: neuroinmunoendrocrine transductor

La glándula de Harder es una glándula túbulo-alveolar localizada en la parte posterior de la órbita ocular de animales que poseen membrana nictitante. En estos mamiferos la glándula contiene una gran cantidad de lípidos. La glándula de Harder de roedores contiene un pigmento café rojizo, el cual ha sido identificado como porfirina. Las funciones de la glándula de Harder son; síntesis y liberación de ferhormonas, fotoprotección y termorregulación, osmoprotección y se le ha propuesto además un papel inmunoendocrino